剑桥雅思13Test4阅读passage3真题翻译(2)

剑桥雅思13Test4阅读passage3真题翻译(2) 关于这个问题下面小编就来为各个考生解答下。

剑桥雅思13Test4阅读passage3

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.

Book Review

书评

The Happiness Industry: How the Government and Big Business

Sold Us Well-Being

By William Davies

评William davies的《幸福产业:政府和大企业如何向人们推销幸福》

Bentham was also a pioneer of the ‘science of happiness’. If happiness is to be regarded as a science, it has to be measured, and Bentham suggested two ways in which this might be done. Viewing happiness as a complex of pleasurable sensations, he suggested that it might be quantified by measuring the human pulse rate. Alternatively, money could be used as the standard for quantification: if two different goods have the same price, it can be claimed that they produce the same quantity of pleasure in the consumer. Bentham was more attracted by the latter measure. By associating money so closely to inner experience, Davies writes, Bentham 4set the stage for the entangling of psychological research and capitalism that would shape the business practices of the twentieth century’.

Benthan也是所谓“幸福科学”的先驱如果幸福被当作一1门]科学,那么它必须能够被衡量, Bentham提出了两种可能的方法他认为幸福是多种谕悦感的混合休,可以通过测量人体脉搏率进行量化。或者可以用货币进行量化:如果两种不同的商品具有相同的价格,则可以认为它们在消费者中产生等量的幸福感 Benthan对后一种方法更感兴趣。Davies写道, Benthan通过将金钱与内在心理活动紧密地联系起来,他“为心理学研究和资本主义的关联奠定了基础,这将塑造20世纪的商业行为”。

The Happiness Industry describes how the project of a science of happiness has become integral to capitalism. We learn much that is interesting about how economic problems are being redefined and treated as psychological maladies. In addition, Davies shows how the belief that inner states of pleasure and displeasure can be objectively measured has informed management studies and advertising. The tendency of thinkers such as J B Watson, the founder of behaviourism*, was that human beings could be shaped, or manipulated, by policymakers and managers. Watson had no factual basis for his view of human action. When he became president of the American Psychological Association in 1915, he 'had never even studied a single human being’: his research had been confined to experiments on white rats. Yet Watson’s reductive model is now widely applied, with 'behaviour change’ becoming the goal of governments: in Britain, a ‘Behaviour Insights Team’ has been established by the government to study how people can be encouraged, at minimum cost to the public purse, to live in what are considered to be socially desirable ways.

《幸福产业》一书描述了幸福科学的研究如何成为资本主又的组成部分,我们了解到了很多关于经济问题如何被诊断为心理疾病并施以治疗的新鲜事此外, Davies还提到了种观点、(即内部快乐与痛苦可以得到客观的衡量)是如何启发管理学研究和广告领域的。行为主义创始人 dB Watson等思想家倾向于认为,决策者和管理者可以塑造告或操纵他人Watson并没有事实依据来证明他对人类行为的观点1915年他成为美国心理学协会主席时,他“甚至从来没有研究过人类”:他的研究对象仅限于白鼠:但 Watson的简化模式、现在被广泛应用,导致政府将“行为改变”定为目标。比如,在英国,政府已经建立了“行为洞察小组”来研究如何用最少的经费来鼓励人们过上社会认可的生活。

Modern industrial societies appear to need the possibility of ever-increasing happiness to motivate them in their labours. But whatever its intellectual pedigree, the idea that governments should be responsible for promoting happiness is always a threat to human freedom.

现代工业社会似乎需要不断增长的幸福感来激励人们工作:但无论其知识背景如何,政府应该负责促进幸福这一观念永远威胁着人类的自由。

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