剑桥雅思5 Test 4阅读Passage 1原文翻译The Impact of wilderness tourism

剑桥雅思5 Test 4 Passage 1阅读原文翻译

A部分第1段

The market for tourism in remote areas is booming as never before.Countries all across the world are actively promoting their‘wilderness’regions–such as mountains,Arctic lands,deserts,small islands and wetlands–to high-spending tourists.The attraction of these areas is obvious:by definition,wilderness tourism requires little or no initial investment.But that does not mean that there is no cost.As the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development recognized,these regions are fragile(i.e.highly vulnerable to abnormal pressures)not just in terms of their ecology,but also in terms of the culture of their inhabitants.The three most significant types of fragile environment in these respects,and also in terms of the proportion of the Earth’s surface they cover,are deserts,mountains and Arctic areas.An important characteristic is their marked seasonality,with harsh conditions prevailing for many months each year.Consequently,most human activities,including tourism,are limited to quite clearly defined parts of the year.

偏远地区的旅游市场正变的空前繁荣。世界各地的国家都在积极向高消费游客推广其“荒野”地区，例如山脉，北极地区，沙漠，小岛和湿地。这些地区的吸引力是显而易见的：按照定义，荒野旅游几乎或完全不需要初期投资。但这并不意味着没有成本。正如1992年联合国环境与发展会议意识到的，这些地区在他们的生态环境和居民文化方面都十分脆弱（非常容易受到外界压力的影响）。在这些方面以及就它们所覆盖的地球表面的比例而言，三种最重要的脆弱环境类型是沙漠，山脉和北极地区。一个重要的特征是其明显的季节性，每年都有数月处在极其恶劣的条件下。因此，大多数人类活动，包括旅游业，都局限于一年中特定的部分。

A部分第2段

Tourists are drawn to these regions by their natural landscape beauty and the unique cultures of their indigenous people.And poor governments in these isolated areas have welcomed the new breed of‘adventure tourist’,grateful for the hard currency they bring.For several years now,tourism has been the prime source of foreign exchange in Nepal and Bhutan.Tourism is also a key element in the economies of Arctic zones such as Lapland and Alaska and in desert areas such as Ayers Rock in Australia and Arizona’s Monument Valley.

游客因其自然景观的优美和土著人民独特的文化而被这些地区吸引。这些偏远地区的贫穷政府欢迎新型的“冒险旅行者”，为他们带来的硬通货而充满感激。几年来，旅游业一直是尼泊尔和不丹外汇的主要来源。旅游业在拉普兰和阿拉斯加等北极地区以及澳大利亚艾尔斯岩和亚利桑那州的纪念碑谷等沙漠地区的经济中也很重要。

B部分第1段

Once a location is established as a main tourist destination,the effects on the local community are profound.When hill-farmers,for example,can make more money in a few weeks working as porters for foreign trekkers than they can in a year working in their fields,it is not surprising that many of them give up their farm-work,which is thus left to other members of the family.In some hill-regions,this has led to a serious decline in farm output and a change in the local diet,because there is insufficient labour to maintain terraces and irrigation systems and tend to crops.The result has been that many people in these regions have turned to outside supplies of rice and other foods.

一旦一个地点被确立为主要的旅游目的地，它对当地社区的影响将是深远的。例如，当山区农民在担任外国徒步旅行者的搬运工几个星期就能赚到比在田间工作一年更多的钱时，他们中的许多人放弃农业劳动，将其留给其他家庭成员就不足为奇了。在一些丘陵地区，由于没有足够的劳动力维持梯田和灌溉系统并照顾农作物，农业产量严重下降，并导致当地饮食的变化。结果是这些地区的许多人需要外部供应大米和其他食物。

B部分第2段

In Arctic and desert societies,year-round survival has traditionally depended on hunting animals and fish and collecting fruit over a relatively short season.However,as some inhabitants become involved in tourism,they no longer have time to collect wild food;this has led to increasing dependence on bought food and stores.Tourism is not always the culprit behind such changes.All kinds of wage labour,or government handouts,tend to undermine traditional survival systems.Whatever the cause,the dilemma is always the same:what happens if these new,external sources of income dry up?

在北极和沙漠地区，一整年的生存传统上依赖于在相对较短的季节里猎杀动物和鱼类并收集果实。但是，随着一些居民开始涉足旅游业，他们不再有时间收集野生食物。这导致他们对购买食品和商店的依赖性越来越大。旅游业并不总是这种变化背后的罪魁祸首。各种各样的工资劳动或政府补助，往往会破坏传统的生存制度。无论原因是什么，困境始终是相同的：如果这些新的外部收入来源枯竭，会发生什么？

B部分第3段

The physical impact of visitors is another serious problem associated with the growth in adventure tourism.Much attention has focused on erosion along major trails,but perhaps more important are the deforestation and impacts on water supplies arising from the need to provide tourists with cooked food and hot showers.In both mountains and deserts,slow-growing trees are often the main sources of fuel and water supplies may be limited or vulnerable to degradation through heavy use.

游客自身的影响是另一个与冒险旅游的发展相关的严重问题。大多数注意力都集中在主要步道的侵蚀上，但也许更重要的是由于需要为游客提供熟食和热水淋浴而造成的森林砍伐和对水供应的影响。在山区和沙漠中，生长缓慢的树木通常是燃料的主要来源，并且供水可能受到限制，或者容易因大量使用而退化。

C部分第1段

Stories about the problems of tourism have become legion in the last few years.Yet it does not have to be a problem.Although tourism inevitably affects the region in which it takes place,the costs to these fragile environments and their local cultures can be minimized.Indeed,it can even be a vehicle for reinvigorating local cultures,as has happened with the Sherpas of Nepal’s Khumbu Valley and in some Alpine villages.And a growing number of adventure tourism operators are trying to ensure that their activities benefit the local population and environment over the long term.

最近几年里，有关旅游业问题的故事层出不穷。但这并不一定是问题。尽管旅游业不可避免地会影响其发生的地区，但可以将对这些脆弱环境及其当地文化的影响降到最低。确实，它甚至可以成为振兴当地文化的工具，就像尼泊尔昆布山谷的Sherpas和某些Alpine村庄那样。越来越多的冒险旅游经营者试图确保他们的活动从长远来看会使当地人口和环境受益。

C部分第2段

In the Swiss Alps,communities have decided that their future depends on integrating tourism more effectively with the local economy.Local concern about the rising number of second home developments in the Swiss Pays d’Enhaut resulted in limits being imposed on their growth.There has also been a renaissance in communal cheese production in the area,providing the locals with a reliable source of income that does not depend on outside visitors.

在瑞士阿尔卑斯山，社区认为他们的未来取决于更有效地将旅游业与当地经济相结合。当地人对瑞士Pays d’Enhaut第二套住房开发数量的增加感到担忧，导致其发展受到限制。该地区的集体奶酪生产也正在复兴，这为当地人提供了可靠的收入来源，而这些收入不依赖外部访客。

C部分第3段

Many of the Arctic tourist destinations have been exploited by outside companies,who employ transient workers and repatriate most of the profits to their home base.But some Arctic communities are now operating tour businesses themselves,thereby ensuring that the benefits accrue locally.For instance,a native corporation in Alaska,employing local people,is running an air tour from Anchorage to Kotzebue,where tourists eat Arctic food,walk on the tundra and watch local musicians and dancers.

许多北极旅游胜地已被外部公司开发，这些公司雇用临时工并将大部分利润汇回本国。但是，一些北极社区现在自己经营旅游业务，从而确保了收益在当地积累。例如，阿拉斯加的一家本地公司雇用当地人，正在运营一条从安克雷奇（Anchorage）到科泽布（Kotzebue）的空中旅行线路，游客在这里吃北极食物，在冻原上行走并观看当地音乐家和舞者的表演。

C部分第4段

Native people in the desert regions of the American Southwest have followed similar strategies,encouraging tourists to visit their pueblos and reservations to purchase high-quality handicrafts and artwork.The Acoma and San Ildefonso pueblos have established highly profitable pottery businesses,while the Navajo and Hopi groups have been similarly successful with jewelry.

美国西南部沙漠地区的原住民也采取了类似的策略，鼓励游客参观他们的普韦布洛村落和保留区，并购买高品质的手工艺品和艺术品。Acoma和San Ildefonso村庄建立了利润很高的陶器企业，而纳瓦霍和霍皮基团已经在珠宝方面取得类似的成功。

C部分第5段

Too many people living in fragile environments have lost control over their economies,their culture and their environment when tourism has penetrated their homelands.Merely restricting tourism cannot be the solution to the imbalance,because people’s desire to see new places will not just disappear.Instead,communities in fragile environments must achieve greater control over tourism ventures in their regions,in order to balance their needs and aspirations with the demands of tourism.A growing number of communities are demonstrating that,with firm communal decision-making,this is possible.The critical question now is whether this can become the norm,rather than the exception.

当旅游业渗透到他们的家园时，太多生活在脆弱环境中的人失去了其对经济，文化和环境的控制。仅仅限制旅游业并不能解决不平衡的问题，因为人们对新地方的渴望并不会消失。取而代之的是，处于脆弱环境中的社区必须更好地控制其所在地的旅游企业，以平衡他们与旅游业的需求。越来越多的社区表明，通过坚定的社区决策，这是可能的。现在的关键问题是，这是否可以成为常态，而不是例外。