2019年考研《英语一》真题及答案15

2019年考研《英语一》真题及答案15

2019年考研《英语一》真题及答案汇总

Text 3

This year marks exactly two countries since the publication of Frankenstein;or,The Modern Prometheus,by Mary Shelley.Even before the invention of the electric light bulb,the author produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come.

Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence(AI)raises fundamental questions:”What is intelligence,identify,or

consciousness?What makes humans humans?”

What is being called artificial general intelligence,machines that would imitate the way humans think,continues to evade scientists.Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look,move,and respond like humans,similar to those recently depicted on popular sci-fi TV series such as“Westworld”and“Humans”.

Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood,let alone reproduced,says David Eagleman,a Stanford University neuroscientist.“We are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousnesss actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there.”

But that doesn’t mean crucial ethical issues involving AI aren’t at hand.The coming use of autonomous vehicles,for example,poses thorny ethical questions.Human drivers sometimes must make split-second decisions.Their reactions may be a complex combination of instant reflexes,input from past driving experiences,and what their eyes and ears tell them in that moment.AI“vision”today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans.And to anticipate every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem.

Whenever decisions are based on masses of data,“you quickly get into a lot of ethical questions,”notes Tan Kiat How,chief executive of a Singapore-based agency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of AI.Along with Singapore,other governments and mega-corporations are beginning to establish their own guidelines.Britain is setting up a data ethics center.India released its AI ethics strategy this spring.

On June 7 Google pledged not to“design or deploy AI”that would cause“overall harm,”or to develop AI-directed weapons or use AI for surveillance that would violate international norms.It also pledged not to deploy AI whose use would violate international laws or human rights.

While the statement is vague,it represents one starting point.So does the idea that decisions made by AI systems should be explainable,transparent,and fair.

To put it another way:How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects humanity’s highest values?Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankenstein’s out-of-control monster.

33.The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehicles

A.can hardly ever be found.

B.is still beyond our capacity.

C.causes little public concern.

D.has aroused much curiosity.

34.The author’s attitude toward Google’s pledge is one of

A.affirmation.

B.skepticism.

C.contempt.

D.respect.

33—34参考答案及解析：

33.【B】is still beyond our capacity；根据题干关键词可定位至文章第3段,AI“vision”today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans.And to anticipate every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem.该句说到：当下，人工智能的思维还不能达到人类的精密程度，去让机器去预设每一种驾驶情形是一个困难的编程问题。由此说明，去解决人工智能所带来的道德问题，是在人类的能力范围之外的。

34.【A】affirmation；态度题，根据题干中的the author’s attitude,Google’s pledges.回文定位到第八段，，开头while转折，while the statement is vague,与vague相反的即是观点，所以表示正向情感的词即是正解。affirmation表示确定。