Reindeer托福听力原文翻译及问题答案

Reindeer托福听力原文翻译及问题答案

一、Reindeer 托福听力原文：

NARRATOR: Listen to part of a lecture in a Biology class.

FEMALE PROFESSOR: Okay, so that's how the arctic ground squirrel is able to cope in this extreme environment…Now let's talk about your reading assignment, about reindeer… also typically found in Siberia and other far-northern regions. Who’d like to start off? Yes, Mike?

MALE STUDENT: Well, for one thing, they've got thick hair all over their body, even on their noses.

FEMALE PROFESSOR: Yes. They're very well insulated. And the thickness of their fur varies depending on the season. Good.  Yes.

FEMALE STUDENT: Um, newborn reindeer are very adult-like, like they can stand as soon as they're born, and by their second day they can already run as fast as a human.

FEMALE PROFESSOR: Critical. Food is very scarce in the far north, so reindeer herds have to cover lots of ground, every day. And in the fall they might easily trek a thousand kilometers or more to get to their winter feeding site. So if you’re a newborn, you’ve gotta get up to speed fast. Okay. Other adaptations?

MALE STUDENT: Also, reindeer don't have to keep their legs as warm as their main body, so they don't have to use up as much energy keeping them warm.

FEMALE PROFESSOR: Yes, so that means they can allocate less energy to heating their extremities, and more energy to maintaining a stable temperature in their body core, where their vital organs are located.  And you know, I don’t think it’s mentioned in your textbook, but even different parts of a reindeer's leg are adapted for optimal cold weather performance: the fat in the lower part of their legs—um, the part that gets coldest—that fat has a different chemical structure from the fat in the upper parts of the leg, so it doesn't get hard; even at temperatures down around freezing; it stays kind of gel-like, kind of oily.  Okay, good. What about food? What do you remember about that?

FEMALE STUDENT: Well, they're pretty flexible.

FEMALE PROFESSOR: Okay. Can you explain that a little more?

FEMALE STUDENT: Well, they can eat a lot of different kinds of plants, so that improves their chances of coming across something they can eat. I think they said that they found that the reindeer in one herd had eaten something like 37 different kinds of plants.

FEMALE PROFESSOR: Okay, yes. You’ve really done your reading. And reindeer also eat a number of different plant species that most animals are not very interested in. Which means…

FEMALE STUDENT: …they don't have a lot of competition when it comes to that food.

FEMALE PROFESSOR: That's right. In particular, your reading mentions lichens.Lichens are plants you'll find growing on rocks in the far north, sometimes referred to as “reindeer moss.” They look pretty basic, you know, just a little moss on a rock.<br>

But lichens are actually quite complex;  they’re not just a single organism,  they're actually a kind of combination of some sort of a fungus and some sort of algae that live together in a symbiotic relationship.

Anyway. Okay, reindeer. Um… Oh, yes, and one more thing about lichens; they crank out a lot of chemicals, which is probably at least part of the reason why they're not considered all that tasty by most animals.  Anyway. Does anyone remember what your reading said about them?

MALE STUDENT: Yeah, somehow, when reindeer eat lichens, they're able to draw a lot more nutrients from them than other animals. Like if a cow or a sheep eats lichens, they're only going to get like half as much nutrition out of them as a reindeer would.

FEMALE PROFESSOR: That's right, and in winter, Lichens are crucial for reindeer because they supply energy. But they don't have all the proteins and minerals the reindeer need. Um, so when reindeer get to the end of the long winter, they’re often very thin, with low levels of minerals.

In spring they have to eat different plants and replenish what they've lost over the winter. So what reindeer have done is, they’ve developed the ability to digest different plants in different seasons by adjusting the microbes in their digestive systems. As you know, microbes are microorganisms, like bacteria, that help to digest or break down food.

And well, what’s interesting about reindeer is that they change the proportion of different microbes in their digestive system. Uh, so you…so the reindeer might have more of one kind of microbe in winter to help digest the plants it eats then, and in the summer, uh, it would have more of another kind of microbe to help it digest summer plants. That way the reindeer gets more nutrition out of different foods at different times of the year.

二、Reindeer 托福听力中文翻译：

旁白：在生物课上听一节课的一部分。

女教授：好的，这就是北极地松鼠在这种极端环境下的应对能力……现在让我们谈谈你的阅读作业，关于驯鹿……通常也在西伯利亚和其他遥远的北方地区发现。谁想开始？什么事，迈克？

男学生：嗯，首先，他们全身都有浓密的头发，甚至鼻子上也有。

女教授：是的。它们的绝缘性很好。它们的皮毛厚度因季节而异。好的对

女学生：嗯，新生的驯鹿很像成年人，它们一出生就可以站立，到第二天它们就可以跑得和人类一样快了。

女教授：关键。在遥远的北方，食物非常匮乏，因此驯鹿群每天都必须覆盖大片土地。到了秋天，它们可能会轻松跋涉1000公里或更长的路程，到达冬季的觅食地点。所以，如果你是一个新生儿，你必须尽快适应。可以其他调整？

男学生：而且，驯鹿的腿不必像身体一样保暖，所以它们不必消耗那么多的能量来保暖。

女教授：是的，所以这意味着他们可以分配更少的能量来加热四肢，而更多的能量来维持身体核心（重要器官所在地）的稳定温度。你知道，我认为你的教科书中没有提到，但驯鹿腿的不同部位都适合在寒冷天气下发挥最佳性能：腿下部的脂肪，嗯，最冷的那部分脂肪的化学结构与腿上部的脂肪不同，所以不会变硬；即使在气温下降到冰点附近；它有点像凝胶，有点油腻。好的，很好。食物呢？你还记得什么？

女生：嗯，它们很灵活。

女教授：好的。你能再解释一下吗？

女生：嗯，他们可以吃很多不同种类的植物，这样可以提高他们遇到可以吃的东西的机会。我想他们说他们发现一群驯鹿吃了37种不同的植物。

女教授：好的，是的。你真的读完了。驯鹿也吃许多大多数动物都不太感兴趣的植物。这意味着…

女生：……他们在食物方面没有太多竞争。

女教授：没错。特别是，你的阅读提到地衣。地衣是生长在遥远北方岩石上的植物，有时被称为“驯鹿苔藓”它们看起来很简单，你知道，只是岩石上的一点苔藓

但地衣实际上相当复杂；它们不仅仅是一个单一的有机体，它们实际上是某种真菌和某种藻类的组合，它们以共生关系生活在一起。

无论如何好的，驯鹿。嗯……哦，是的，还有一件关于地衣的事；它们制造出许多化学物质，这可能至少是大多数动物认为它们没有那么好吃的部分原因。无论如何有人记得你的阅读中对他们说了什么吗？

男学生：是的，不知怎么的，当驯鹿吃地衣时，它们能从地衣中吸取比其他动物更多的营养。就像牛或羊吃地衣一样，它们从地衣中获得的营养只有驯鹿的一半。

女教授：没错，在冬天，地衣对驯鹿至关重要，因为它们提供能量。但它们并不具备驯鹿所需的所有蛋白质和矿物质。嗯，所以当驯鹿度过漫长的冬天时，它们通常很瘦，矿物质含量很低。

在春天，它们必须吃不同的植物，补充它们在冬天失去的东西。所以驯鹿所做的是，它们通过调节消化系统中的微生物，在不同的季节发展了消化不同植物的能力。正如你所知，微生物是微生物，就像细菌一样，帮助消化或分解食物。

驯鹿的有趣之处在于它们改变了消化系统中不同微生物的比例。呃，那么你……那么驯鹿在冬天可能会有更多的一种微生物来帮助消化它吃的植物，而在夏天，呃，它会有更多的另一种微生物来帮助消化夏天的植物。这样，驯鹿在一年中的不同时间从不同的食物中获得更多的营养。

三、Reindeer 托福听力问题：

Q1:1.What is the lecture mainly about?

A. Explanations for a recent increase in the reindeer population

B. Adaptations that enable reindeer to live in cold climates

C. Differences between newborn reindeer and adult reindeer

D. Changes in the reindeer's food supply

Q2:2.According to the professor, why is it necessary for newborn reindeer to be able to walk and run almost immediately?

A. Newborn reindeer face intense competition from older reindeer.

B. Reindeer herds have to travel long distances every day.

C. Running and walking help reindeer maintain a stable body temperature.

D. Running is the only way reindeer can protect themselves from predators.

Q3:3.What does the professor say about the lower part of a reindeer's legs?

A. It stays warmer than the upper part of the leg.

B. It is able to maintain the same temperature as the main part of the reindeer's body

C. It contains fat that changes texture at lower temperatures.

D. It contains fat that is different from the fat in the upper part of the leg.

Q4:4.What does the professor imply about lichens?

A. They need reindeer in order to survive.

B. They are more abundant than other arctic plants during the winter.

C. They are more important to cows and sheep than they are to reindeer.

D. They are the object of fierce competition among arctic animals.

Q5:5.What does the professor say about the microbes in a reindeer's digestive system?

A. Some of the microbes protect the reindeer against harmful bacteria.

B. Many of the microbes are transported into the reindeer's body on lichens that the reindeer eats.

C. The proportion of various microbes changes to accommodate changes in the reindeers diet.

D. The microbes found in a newborn reindeer's digestive system are very different from those found in an adult reindeer.

Q6:6.Why does the professor say this:

A. She wants to emphasize the importance of her previous point.

B. She wants to illustrate her previous point with an example.

C. She wants to return to the main topic of the lecture.

D. She wants to clarify her previous statement.

四、Reindeer 托福听力答案：

A1:正确答案：B

A2:正确答案：B

A3:正确答案：D

A4:正确答案：B

A5:正确答案：C

A6:正确答案：C