Greek And Roman Statues托福听力原文翻译及问题答案

Greek And Roman Statues托福听力原文翻译及问题答案

一、Greek And Roman Statues托福听力原文：

NARRATOR:Listen to part of a lecture in an art history class.

MALE PROFESSOR:I'm sure you've all been to a museum where you've seen beautiful white marble statues sculpted by the Greeks and Romans…or at least that you've seen photos of such statues,right?We have come to expect these classical Greek and Roman statues to be monochrome—just one color…white skin,white hair,white eyes,white everything—the natural color of the marble they’re carved from.

Now,the ideal of plain,white sculpture goes back to fifteenth-century Europe,when Renaissance artists rediscovered ancient Greek and Roman culture.They were inspired by sculptures that appeared monochrome,so they created white marble statues.The impact of these Renaissance statues,such as Michelangelo's David,gave rise to new standards for sculpture,standards that emphasized form rather than color.

But what if many of those ancient statues were originally polychrome—colored from head to toe?

Early in the nineteenth century,archaeologists found traces of paint on ancient sculptures.And since then,classical art historians have begun to realize that Greek and Roman marble sculptures were originally colored.

Even if an ancient marble statue doesn't have any visible traces of paint,that does not mean it was originally monochrome.

In many cases,the pigment would have simply deteriorated—ancient artists used mineral-based paints with organic binding media that would've disintegrated on its own over time.

In other cases,the pigment may have been weathered away while exposed to the elements…or someone may have rigorously cleaned the statues and unknowingly removed the last traces of pigment.

So…the fact is we do have evidence of polychrome sculptures from Greece and Rome from the seventh century B.C.E.all the way through at least the third or fourth century C.E.It's now generally accepted that most—maybe even all—marble sculptures from that time period received some kind of surface treatment like the application of pigments,colored stones,or metals that would’ve modified their color.

So do we interpret a statue differently if we know it had originally been polychrome?

I feel strongly when it comes to this.A marble sculpture that had been colored has another layer of meaning that was meant to affect the viewer.As art historians,we must try to interpret the intentions of the artists—what were the artists trying to achieve?

Certain features of the sculpture were highlighted through color,were made to stand out….In other words,they caused the viewer to focus on certain features.And certain colors represented certain things to the ancient artists and cultures:a color might symbolize heroism,divinity,or youth.

One example to consider is the statue of Roman Emperor Augustus.This particular statue of Augustus that I'm referring to was discovered just outside of Rome in 1863,and was in terrific condition.It’s about two meters tall—just larger than life-size.It was made from an expensive,high-quality type of marble,and was obviously carved by an expert.

Now…it still had visible traces of color on the hair,eyes,and its clothing and armor.The paints have been very carefully studied,and it turns out that the colors weren't just from any pigments—they were from expensive pigments.The use of these pigments showed the importance of Augustus and that he should be honored.

And let’s consider the extensive traces of a red pigment that were found on the statue's cloak.The cloak's a special garment that was traditionally worn by an emperor on the battlefield,and in real life was a red color which,to the Romans,signified the emperor's authority—military and political authority.

OK…I won't point out any further details about the colors on the Augustus statue,because you can already begin to see that there was cultural importance associated with the colors—symbolism which should help us understand the statue better.

There are many,many more sculptures that have traces of pigments left on them,and we have the technology these days to be able to carry out effective studies of these pigments.There's a lot of work to be done.But it needs to be done fast.Like I said before,these pigments deteriorate rapidly.So we really need to do the research before the traces are gone,so that we can increase our understanding of ancient polychrome sculptures and the cultures which created them.

二、Greek And Roman Statues托福听力中文翻译：

旁白：在艺术史课上听一节课的一部分。

男教授：我肯定你们都去过一个博物馆，在那里你们看到了希腊和罗马人雕刻的美丽的白色大理石雕像……或者至少你们看到了这些雕像的照片，对吧？我们已经开始期待这些古典希腊和罗马雕像是单色的，只有一种颜色……白色的皮肤、白色的头发、白色的眼睛、白色的一切——它们是用大理石雕刻而成的。

现在，朴素、白色雕塑的理想可以追溯到15世纪的欧洲，当时文艺复兴时期的艺术家重新发现了古希腊和罗马文化。他们受到单色雕塑的启发，所以创作了白色大理石雕像。这些文艺复兴时期的雕像，如米开朗基罗的大卫雕像，产生了新的雕塑标准，这些标准强调形式而非颜色。

但是，如果这些古老的雕像中有许多最初从头到脚都是彩色的呢？

十九世纪初，考古学家在古代雕塑上发现了绘画的痕迹。从那时起，古典艺术历史学家开始意识到希腊和罗马大理石雕塑最初是彩色的。

即使一座古老的大理石雕像没有任何可见的油漆痕迹，也不意味着它原来是单色的。

在许多情况下，这种颜料只会变质，古代艺术家使用的矿物颜料和有机结合介质会随着时间的推移自行分解。

在其他情况下，颜料可能在暴露于恶劣的环境中时被风化掉……或者有人可能在不知情的情况下严格清理了雕像，去除了最后的颜料痕迹。

所以……事实上，我们确实有证据表明，从公元前七世纪到公元前三世纪或四世纪，希腊和罗马都有多色雕塑。现在人们普遍认为，大多数甚至所有这一时期的大理石雕塑都经过了某种表面处理，如使用颜料、彩石、，或者会改变颜色的金属。

那么，如果我们知道雕像最初是彩色的，我们对它的理解会有不同吗？

说到这一点，我感觉很强烈。一个涂过颜色的大理石雕塑还有另一层含义，意在影响观者。作为艺术史学家，我们必须试图解释艺术家的意图，艺术家试图实现什么？

雕塑的某些特征通过颜色突出显示出来，使其脱颖而出…。换言之，它们使观众专注于某些功能。对于古代艺术家和文化来说，某些颜色代表着某些东西：一种颜色可能象征着英雄主义、神性或青春。

要考虑的一个例子是罗马皇帝奥古斯都的雕像。我指的这座奥古斯都的雕像是1863年在罗马城外发现的，当时状况非常好。它大约有两米高，比真人大小略大。它是由一种昂贵的优质大理石制成的，显然是由专家雕刻的。

现在……它的头发、眼睛、衣服和盔甲上仍然有可见的颜色痕迹。这些颜料经过了非常仔细的研究，结果表明，这些颜色不仅仅来自任何颜料，它们来自昂贵的颜料。这些颜料的使用表明了奥古斯都的重要性，他应该受到尊敬。

让我们考虑一下在雕像斗篷上发现的大量红色颜料痕迹。斗篷是传统上皇帝在战场上穿着的一种特殊服装，在现实生活中是红色，对罗马人来说，红色象征着皇帝的权威——军事和政治权威。

好吧……我不会再指出关于奥古斯都雕像上颜色的更多细节，因为你已经开始看到颜色象征的文化重要性，这应该有助于我们更好地理解雕像。

有许许多多的雕塑上留下了颜料的痕迹，而我们现在有了能够对这些颜料进行有效研究的技术。还有很多工作要做。但这需要尽快完成。正如我之前所说，这些色素会迅速变质。所以我们真的需要在痕迹消失之前进行研究，这样我们才能加深对古代多色雕塑和创造它们的文化的理解。

三、Greek And Roman Statues托福听力问题：

Q1:1.What is the main purpose of the lecture?

A.To explain why a particular statue of a Roman emperor is so famous

B.To discuss how classical Greek and Roman statues looked in ancient times

C.To describe the types of pigments Greek and Roman artists applied to statues

D.To explain a shift from monochrome to polychrome statues in ancient times

Q2:2.Why does the professor mention statues created by Renaissance artists in fifteenth-century Europe?

A.To emphasize the importance of color in Renaissance works of art

B.To help explain the method used to determine the age of a statue

C.To point out the origin of the belief that ancient marble statues were monochrome

D.To point out that Renaissance artists used other materials besides marble to create statues

Q3:3.According to the professor,what are two reasons that ancient statues may no longer have any visible traces of paint?[Click on 2 answers.]

A.The paint was eroded away.

B.The marble absorbed the paint over time.

C.Museum curators intentionally removed the paint.

D.The paint was accidentally removed during cleaning.

Q4:4.What is the professor's opinion about ancient statues that were once painted?

A.They should be judged by their form rather than their color.

B.They should be interpreted with the artists'intentions in mind.

C.They should be fully restored to their original colors.

D.They probably represent only a small minority of classical statues.

Q5:5.According to the professor,what is significant about the paint on the statue of Augustus?[Click on 2 answers.]

A.It helped protect the statue from erosion.

B.The different colors were made from valuable pigments.

C.The color of the armor indicated the youth of Augustus.

D.The color of the cloak symbolized authority.

Q6:6.What does the professor imply that art historians should do?

A.Try to preserve deteriorating ancient pigments with an organic surface treatment.

B.Educate the public about the damage caused by cleaning works of art.

C.Study the remaining traces of pigments on as many ancient sculptures as possible.

D.Try to re-create the mineral-based paints that were used in ancient times.

四、Greek And Roman Statues托福听力答案：

A1:正确答案：B

A2:正确答案：C

A3:正确答案：AD

A4:正确答案：B

A5:正确答案：BD

A6:正确答案：C