Community-determined Film托福听力原文翻译及问题答案

Community-determined Film托福听力原文翻译及问题答案

一、Community-determined Film托福听力原文：

NARRATOR:Listen to part of a lecture in an anthropology class.The professor is discussing ethnography.

FEMALE PROFESSOR:Since ethnography is all about the descriptive study of an individual culture,film has proved to have great value as a tool for anthropologists in their research.Let's look at a particularly effective approach to ethnographic filmmaking,which was developed in the 1970s.This particular style of ethnographic filmmaking is called the community-determined approach.The intent of the community-determined approach is to achieve a kind of,um,shared authorship.See,in this approach,the goals of the project and how the information will be used are discussed ahead of time,and so a culture…a community is not just the focus of the film,they are,actually,equal participants in the whole ethnographic process.In this way the film revolves around the actual values and concerns of the individuals in the community,and it honors an individual’s ethical right to control how he or she is presented in the media.Several of these films were made in Alaskan communities in the 1970s….

MALE STUDENT:So,how does it work,you know,the community-determined part?

FEMALE PROFESSOR:Well,it takes a lot of preparation.First,way before filming begins,the filmmakers visit the community and meet with the village council,who are the decision makers of the community.A film,if available,is shown to the village council,so that they get an idea of the experience of another community.After the meeting,the filmmakers leave and the village council is given all the time they need to think about what was discussed.Later,if the village council members are interested,they send a letter or call.

MALE STUDENT:There's no follow-up meeting?

FEMALE PROFESSOR:Not unless they want one.See,this helps remove any pressure to say yes—the social pressure from the filmmaker's presence.

MALE STUDENT:So if they agree,then what?

FEMALE PROFESSOR:Then the filmmakers start living in the community.See,another major point in the community determined approach….It’s very important that the filmmakers plan to stay in the community for an extended period of time.Not weeks,but months….And,really,there are several reasons for this:Any ideas?

FEMALE STUDENT:The filmmakers could get a more realistic sense of the pace of life in that community.Uh,its daily rhythm.

FEMALE PROFESSOR:Correct.And it allows the filmmakers to shed some of their assumptions,so that they better interpret what they see.

FEMALE STUDENT:I bet it also takes the mystery out of the filmmaking process—you know,everyone has time to get used to the filmmakers and their equipment.

FEMALE PROFESSOR:Exactly!Trust is established and relationships are built first.

FEMALE STUDENT:Wow,this seems like a long process.It must cost a fortune.

FEMALE PROFESSOR:It does.Even with a small film crew,any project as involved as this is bound to.

FEMALE STUDENT:OK,so who decides what goes into the film?

FEMALE PROFESSOR:Well,such decisions are made by general consensus within the community.So,for instance,the community,not the filmmakers,decide who is to be interviewed for the films.Control of the interview is in the interviewee’s hands.If the person being interviewed says to stop at any time,the recording stops.He or she states where they wish to be filmed,and when and what topic they wish to speak about.The community members review the footage both midway and at the end of the filming,and if they want any scene deleted,it gets removed.That’s the level of respect...and regard for the interviewee’s preferences,and those of the community in general.

MALE STUDENT:So,then…what language is everything filmed in?

FEMALE PROFESSOR:Excellent question!Language is culture,isn’t it?So the native language,rather than a dubbed voice-over in the filmmaker’s language,is the primary language of the film.This way,a speaker’s emotions and manner of expression really come through,even if we don’t know their language.Subtitles are placed,in a secondary position,at the bottom of the screen.

MALE STUDENT:And the subtitles probably only give the gist of what’s actually being said….

FEMALE PROFESSOR:Yeah.A word-for-word translation could become too complicated…or it’d go by too fast on the screen.

二、Community-determined Film托福听力中文翻译：

旁白：在人类学课上听一部分讲座。教授正在讨论民族志。

女教授：由于人种学是对个体文化的描述性研究，电影被证明是人类学家研究的重要工具。让我们看看一种特别有效的民族志电影制作方法，它是在20世纪70年代发展起来的。这种特殊的民族志电影制作风格被称为社区决定的方法。社区决定方法的目的是实现一种共享的作者身份。看，在这种方法中，项目的目标和信息的使用方式是提前讨论的，因此文化……社区不仅仅是电影的焦点，他们实际上是整个人种学过程中的平等参与者。以这种方式，电影围绕着社区中个人的实际价值观和关注点，尊重个人控制其在媒体中的表现方式的道德权利。其中几部电影是在20世纪70年代在阿拉斯加社区拍摄的…。

男学生：那么，你知道，社区决定部分是如何运作的？

女教授：嗯，这需要很多准备。首先，在拍摄开始之前，电影制作人访问社区并与村议会会面，他们是社区的决策者。如果有电影，会向村议会放映，以便他们了解另一个社区的经验。会议结束后，电影制作人离开，村委会有时间思考讨论的内容。之后，如果村议会成员感兴趣，他们会写信或打电话。

男学生：没有后续会议？

女教授：除非他们想要。看，这有助于消除任何压力，说是的社会压力，从电影制作人的存在。

男学生：如果他们同意，那又怎么样？

女教授：然后电影制作人开始在社区生活。看，社区决定方法的另一个要点是…。非常重要的是，电影制作人计划在社区中呆很长一段时间。不是几周，而是几个月…。事实上，有几个原因：有什么想法吗？

女学生：电影制作人可以更真实地感受到这个社区的生活节奏。嗯，它的日常节奏。

女教授：对。它允许电影制作人摆脱一些假设，以便更好地解释他们所看到的。

女学生：我打赌这也会让电影制作过程变得神秘。你知道，每个人都有时间去适应电影制作人和他们的设备。

女教授：没错！建立信任，首先建立关系。

女学生：哇，这似乎是一个漫长的过程。那一定花了一大笔钱。

女教授：是的。即使有一个小的摄制组，任何像这样的项目都是不可避免的。

女学生：好的，那么谁来决定电影的内容？

女教授：嗯，这样的决定是由社区内的普遍共识做出的。因此，例如，由社区而不是电影制作人决定谁将被采访。面试的控制权掌握在被面试者手中。如果被采访者说随时停止，录音就会停止。他或她说明他们希望拍摄的地点，以及他们希望谈论的时间和主题。社区成员在拍摄过程中和拍摄结束时都会查看视频，如果他们想删除任何场景，就会将其删除。这是尊重的程度…尊重受访者的偏好，以及整个社区的偏好。

男学生：那么……所有的电影都是用什么语言拍摄的？

女教授：好问题！语言就是文化，不是吗？因此，母语，而不是电影制作人语言中的配音，是电影的主要语言。这样，说话者的情绪和表达方式才真正表现出来，即使我们不懂他们的语言。字幕位于屏幕底部的次要位置。

男学生：字幕可能只给出了实际所说的要点…。

女教授：是的。逐字翻译可能会变得太复杂…或者在屏幕上速度太快。

三、Community-determined Film托福听力问题：

Q1:1.What are the speakers mainly discussing?

A.The effects of ethnographic films on the communities being studied.

B.The process of making a community-determined film.

C.The topics typically discussed in community-determined films.

D.The efforts of filmmakers to record in their own communities.

Q2:2.What is one way ethnographers try to gain a community's interest in participating in a film?

A.They visit regularly to discuss any concerns.

B.They send letters describing the purpose of the film.

C.They research the history of the community.

D.They show a film about another community.

Q3:3.What does the professor imply about the role of the village council members?

A.They decide whether or not a film will be made.

B.They make sure all community members appear in the film.

C.They prefer to do most of the interviewing themselves.

D.They are generally not involved in the filmmaking process.

Q4:4.According to the lecture,why do ethnographers live within the community they are filming?[Click on 2 answers.]

A.To teach filmmaking techniques to the community members.

B.To earn the trust of the community members.

C.To learn about daily life in the community.

D.To reduce the cost of travel to the community.

Q5:5.What does the professor imply about the interview process?

A.It is the most time-consuming part of the filmmaking project.

B.It results in the most interesting scenes in community-determined films.

C.It does not give the filmmakers enough control over the finished product.

D.It is to a large extent controlled by the community members.

Q6:6.What do the speakers suggest are two shortcomings of community-determined films?[Click on 2 answers.]

A.They are often expensive to produce.

B.They are too long for most audiences to enjoy.

C.They do not translate people's exact words.

D.They rarely contain all the scenes to community wants.

四、Community-determined Film托福听力答案：

A1:正确答案：B

A2:正确答案：D

A3:正确答案：A

A4:正确答案：BC

A5:正确答案：D

A6:正确答案：AC