The Relation Between Bird's Bill and Its Diet托福听力原文翻译及问题答案

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The Relation Between Bird's Bill and Its Diet托福听力原文翻译及问题答案

一、The Relation Between Bird's Bill and Its Diet托福听力原文：

The bird’s bill is composed of a horny sheath over a bony core.The entire structure has evolved in numerous ways to the specialized needs of its owner.The bird’s bill is highly modified for a variety of activities—such as cutting and crushing seeds,probing tree crevices for insects,drinking nectar from flowers,catching fish,and so on.There’s a large variety in the diets of birds throughout the world.Different birds have evolved different bill types to assist in their feeding.What I mean is,the shape of the bird’s bill is specially adapted to specific foods.

A large number of birds are primarily seed eaters.These birds typically have stout,cone-shaped bills and strong jaw muscles for crushing seeds.The edible kernel of a seed is protected by a husk,or shell,which must be removed before the seed can be digested.The smaller finches,sparrows,and grosbeaks use their heavy conical bills to process seeds by removing the outer covering before swallowing them.Larger birds,such as pigeons and pheasants,swallow seeds whole and rely on grit in the gizzard to remove the husks and crush the seeds.

A wide variety of birds are nectar drinkers.These birds prefer the sweet liquid nectar of flowering plants.The co­evolution of birds and flowers has led to specialization,in which the bird’s bill is adapted for the collection of nectar.The bill evolved so that it could reach the nectar at the bottom of a flower’s long tubular corolla.Birds who drink nectar have long,narrow bills and tongues with finely divided tips that form a brush.The tongues are very long,and the edges roll inwards to make a narrow scoop,so the bird can sort of lap up nectar,taking several licks every second.The tongue holds the nectar by capillary action—a physical force that causes fluids to rise in narrow tubes.The tongue moves in and out rapidly,carrying nectar up tiny grooves in the tongue,all the way to the mouth.

Hummingbirds can stick their long tongues out far beyond the tips of their bills.This enables them to reach the nectar at the base of flowers.But along with drinking nectar,hummingbirds will also grab any insect they meet.As they flit from flower to flower,they consume the flower’s nectar as well as insects and spiders that provide them with protein.

Birds that eat insects collect their food in a number of ways.The warblers have short,slender,tweezer-like bills,that they sort of use like tweezers to pick small insects off leaves and twigs.Plovers pluck insects from the soil with their short bills.Starlings have longer bills,which they push into the earth and force open to make a hole,and then look down the hole for insects.

The insect eater’s tongue—like the bill—is specialized to the bird’s diet.The tongue of some woodpeckers is long,sticky,and barbed,which makes it easier for the bird to catch its insect prey.Several species of woodpeckers use their bills as wedges to pry the bark off trees to reach the insects underneath and then lap them up with their long,sticky tongues.

二、The Relation Between Bird's Bill and Its Diet托福听力中文翻译：

这种鸟的喙是由骨质核心上的角质鞘组成的。整个结构以多种方式发展，以满足业主的特殊需求。鸟喙经过高度修饰，可以进行各种活动，如切割和粉碎种子、在树缝中寻找昆虫、饮用花蜜、捕鱼等。世界各地的鸟类饮食种类繁多。不同的鸟类进化出了不同的喙类型来帮助它们进食。我的意思是，鸟喙的形状特别适合特定的食物。

大量鸟类主要以种子为食。这些鸟通常有粗壮的锥形喙和强壮的下颌肌肉，可以压碎种子。种子的可食用内核受到外壳的保护，在种子被消化之前，外壳必须被去除。较小的燕雀、麻雀和黄雀在吞下种子之前，会用它们沉重的圆锥形喙去除外壳来处理种子。较大的鸟类，如鸽子和野鸡，会把种子整个吞下，并依靠内脏中的砂砾来去除外壳和压碎种子。

各种各样的鸟类都喜欢花蜜。这些鸟喜欢开花植物的花蜜。鸟类和花朵的共同进化导致了专门化，鸟类的喙适合采集花蜜。喙经过进化，可以到达花朵长管状花冠底部的花蜜。饮用花蜜的鸟类有细长的喙和舌头，尖端精细地分开，形成刷子。舌头很长，边缘向内滚动，形成一个狭窄的勺子，所以这只鸟可以舔食花蜜，每秒舔食几次。舌头通过毛细管作用保持花蜜，毛细管作用是一种使液体在狭窄的管道中上升的物理力。舌头快速进出，将花蜜带上舌头上的小凹槽，一直送到嘴里。

蜂鸟可以把它们长长的舌头伸到远远超过喙尖的地方。这使它们能够到达花朵底部的花蜜。但是蜂鸟在喝花蜜的同时，还会抓住它们遇到的任何昆虫。当它们从一朵花飞到另一朵花时，它们会消耗花朵的花蜜，以及为它们提供蛋白质的昆虫和蜘蛛。

以昆虫为食的鸟类以多种方式收集食物。莺有短而细的镊子状的喙，它们可以像镊子一样用嘴从树叶和树枝上摘下小昆虫。犁用它们的短喙从土壤中摘下昆虫。雏鸟有更长的喙，它们把喙推入地球，强行打开，打一个洞，然后从洞里往下看昆虫。

食虫者的舌头像喙一样，专门用于鸟类的饮食。一些啄木鸟的舌头长、粘、有刺，这使得啄木鸟更容易捕捉昆虫猎物。几种啄木鸟用它们的喙作为楔子，撬开树上的树皮，接触下面的昆虫，然后用它们又长又粘的舌头把它们舔起来。

三、The Relation Between Bird's Bill and Its Diet托福听力问题：

Q1:1.What is the main idea of the talk?

A.Birds differ in appearance throughout the world.

B.The best diet for birds includes both seeds and insects.

C.The bird’s bill is specialized to its preferred diet.

D.Birds have a variety of interesting behaviors.Birds have a variety of interesting behaviors.

Q2:2.Select the bird that is most likely a seed eater.

Q3:3.Why does the professor say this:

A.To describe the nutritional benefits of flower nectar

B.To state that birds and their food evolved together

C.To compare the physical structure of birds and plants

D.To explain why birds need variety in their diet

Q4:4.Select the bird that is most likely a nectar drinker.

Q5:5.What does the professor imply about hummingbirds?

A.They are a source of food for insects and spiders.

B.Their diet is not restricted to flower nectar.

C.They obtain protein from eating flower seeds.

D.Their behavior cannot be explained scientifically.

四、The Relation Between Bird's Bill and Its Diet托福听力答案：

A1:正确答案：C

A2:正确答案：B

A3:正确答案：B

A4:正确答案：C

A5:正确答案：B