Death Rituals and Stages of Grieving托福听力原文翻译及问题答案

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Death Rituals and Stages of Grieving托福听力原文翻译及问题答案

一、Death Rituals and Stages of Grieving托福听力原文：

Every culture has some set of rituals associated with death.These rituals serve an important function,and are a way for societies to control the grief caused by death.Death rituals give the bereaved family and friends specific roles to play.The roles differ from one culture to another;however,in every culture the roles sort of give shape to the days and weeks following the death of a loved one.Death rituals prescribe what the family should wear,who should be called,what behavior should be shown,and so on.

Depending on the family’s religion,they may need to gather friends and family for a wake,arrange to sit shiva,or arrange a memorial service.There are different cultural expectations for how the bereaved persons should act.They may be expected to show little emotion,or they may be expected to scream and tear their hair.

The rituals also have roles for friends,who often act as support givers.For example,friends may bring food to the home of the bereaved family,or drop in to offer help,or send flowers or sympathy cards.Whatever the social rules are,everyone has a role to fill.Death rituals can strengthen family connections.Funerals bring family members together,just like weddings do.Rituals can also give meaning to the death by emphasizing the life of the person who died.A funeral or memorial service usually includes some sort of biography or personal memories of the person.Most people feel that it’s extremely important to review the deceased person’s life.Reviewing the life and accomplishments of the loved one—sharing stories and memories with family and friends—this makes the death easier for the survivors to accept.

But when the funeral or memorial service is over,what happens then?How do the survivors cope with the loss of a spouse,a parent,a child,a friend,or a lover?Once past the rituals,the grieving person moves through a complex grief process.

One theory states that there are four stages of grieving:numbness,yearning,despair,and reorganization.In the first stage,the bereaved person feels numbness—a lack of feeling.Or he or she feels shock,disbelief,confusion,a sense of unreality—normally lasting a few days after the death.In the second stage—yearning—the bereaved person yearns for and may actively search for the lost one.This is a time of anxiety and guilt,fear and anger.The third stage is when the person feels great despair,exhaustion,depression,or withdrawal.He or she may feel disorganized and unable to do normal activities.Finally,in the fourth stage—reorganization—the person takes control of his or her life again.This is a time of healing.The person feels energy again,takes up normal activities again,and finds new relationships.

The four stages of grieving—numbness,yearning,despair,and reorganization—are not the same for everyone,nor does everyone necessarily go through every stage.The stage theory is just one of many models that psychologists use to help people manage the loss of a loved one.

二、Death Rituals and Stages of Grieving托福听力中文翻译：

每种文化都有一些与死亡有关的仪式。这些仪式起着重要的作用，是社会控制死亡带来的悲伤的一种方式。死亡仪式赋予失去亲人的家人和朋友特定的角色。不同文化的角色不同；然而，在每一种文化中，角色都会在某种程度上影响亲人去世后的几天和几周。死亡仪式规定了家人应该穿什么，应该叫谁，应该表现出什么行为，等等。

根据家庭的宗教信仰，他们可能需要召集朋友和家人守灵，安排坐湿婆，或安排追悼会。对于丧亲者应该如何行动，有不同的文化期望。他们可能会表现出很少的情绪，也可能会尖叫并撕裂头发。

这些仪式也有朋友的作用，他们通常充当支持者。例如，朋友可能会把食物带到丧亲之家，或者来帮忙，或者送花或慰问卡。无论社会规则是什么，每个人都有自己的角色。死亡仪式可以加强家庭联系。葬礼将家人聚集在一起，就像婚礼一样。仪式也可以通过强调死者的生命来赋予死亡以意义。葬礼或追悼会通常包括死者的传记或个人记忆。大多数人认为回顾死者的一生极其重要。回顾亲人的一生和成就，与家人和朋友分享故事和回忆，这会让幸存者更容易接受死亡。

但当葬礼或追悼会结束后，会发生什么？幸存者如何应对失去配偶、父母、孩子、朋友或爱人的情况？一旦通过了仪式，悲伤的人就会经历一个复杂的悲伤过程。

有一种理论认为，悲伤有四个阶段：麻木、渴望、绝望和重组。在第一阶段，失去亲人的人感到麻木——缺乏感觉。或者他或她感到震惊、难以置信、困惑，一种通常在去世后几天持续的不真实感。在第二个阶段，失去亲人的人渴望并可能积极寻找失去的人。这是一个充满焦虑、内疚、恐惧和愤怒的时期。第三阶段是患者感到极度绝望、疲惫、抑郁或退缩。他或她可能会感到杂乱无章，无法进行正常活动。最后，在第四阶段的重组中，这个人再次掌控了自己的生活。这是一个治愈的时刻。这个人再次感受到能量，重新开始正常的活动，并找到新的关系。

悲伤、麻木、渴望、绝望和重组这四个阶段对每个人来说都不一样，也不一定每个人都会经历每一个阶段。阶段理论只是心理学家用来帮助人们管理失去亲人的众多模型之一。

三、Death Rituals and Stages of Grieving托福听力问题：

Q1:1.What topics does the professor discuss?

Click on two answers.

A.Social roles for grieving family and friends

B.Important events in the life of every family

C.Stages in the process of grieving a loss

D.Songs and prayers that are used at funerals

Q2:2.According to the professor,what important function do death rituals serve?

A.They explain the medical causes of a person’s death.

B.They allow friends and family to get to know each other.

C.They help people accept practices of different cultures.

D.They provide a way to manage the grief caused by death.

Q3:3.Why does the professor say this:

A.To explain why people need to talk to psychologists

B.To give examples of cultural differences in grieving

C.To show that death causes people to do strange things

D.To describe the final stage in the process of grieving

Q4:4.According to the professor,why do death rituals include roles for friends?

A.Friends are more creative in performing rituals.

B.Friends give support and comfort to the family.

C.Friends are expected to pay the funeral expenses.

D.Friends experience less grief than the family does.

Q5:5.What does the professor imply about funerals and memorial services?

A.They are becoming a major expense for bereaved families.

B.They include three days of fasting and silent prayer.

C.They are part of a growing industry associated with death.

D.They help make the person’s life and death meaningful.

四、Death Rituals and Stages of Grieving托福听力答案：

A1:正确答案：AC

A2:正确答案：D

A3:正确答案：B

A4:正确答案：B

A5:正确答案：D