Effect of Electronic Media托福听力原文翻译及问题答案

新托福听力难度大，题型多，而且听力和写作、口语等部分也相关联，可以说，是牵一发而动全身的地位。所以要想取得高分，需要以残酷的、毫无疑问的、不存在任何侥幸的听力实力为基础。那么关于“Effect of Electronic Media托福听力原文翻译及问题答案”的内容，下面由小编来给大家分享。

Effect of Electronic Media托福听力原文翻译及问题答案

一、Effect of Electronic Media托福听力原文：

Throughout most of human history,a society’s culture was defined and communicated primarily through the family.Early cultures communicated their values and beliefs to their children by oral tradition—word of mouth.Parents and grandparents had the job of passing on the culture’s history and traditions.The older members of the family were storytellers and historians—our“cultural narrators.”

The cultural narrator was valued for his or her wisdom and experience.The cultural narrator helped to sustain the society through the preservation of vital cultural information.Until the mid-twentieth century,the family was the medium by which culture was passed along.

Since the 1950s,however,the role of the cultural narrator has been taken over by television.What I mean is,the family storytellers have been replaced by television shows that tell us who we are,what we need,how we should speak,and what we should believe in.

In the sixties and seventies,as television became more a part of North American life,several writers and philosophers began to study what was going on.One of the most creative minds to explore this issue was Marshall McLuhan.

McLuhan studied English literature in his native Canada and in England,and then taught at several universities in the United States.As a Canadian scholar teaching in the U.S.,McLuhan realized that he didn’t understand his American students.He couldn’t figure out their interests and values,why they spoke and acted and felt the way they did.So,he set out to learn more about the values of his students by studying their popular culture:the movies,television shows,music,pastimes—all the things that young Americans pursued in their leisure time.

McLuhan became convinced that electronic media played a significant role and that the media were responsible for the attitudes and values of his students.In fact,he went beyond his immediate interest in his own students to theorize that the media had prompted most of the social changes in Western culture.McLuhan’s ideas soon made him the leading cultural critic and media theorist of his time.

McLuhan’s ideas gained attention worldwide.He wrote several books about the effect of media on human development,including this one,The Medium is the Message,which is the book you’ll be reading next in this course.

The Medium is the Message is McLuhan’s most influential book.Although it was first published more than thirty years ago,it remains an important classic in the field of communications.It’s a book—and an idea—that you’ll come back to over and over again,and reading it will probably change your view of how we communicate.

Why is it such an important book?Well,you’ve probably heard the expression,“The medium is the message”because it’s entered our vocabulary.What McLuhan meant by this statement was that how people learn—the medium—is more important than what they learn—the message.In other words,the method of communicating information has more influence on the public than the information itself.Communication is culture,and culture is communication.

McLuhan didn’t consider himself a critic of the media in the sense of condemning it.He wasn’t interested in deciding whether television was good or bad.He just wanted people to understand how it affected them so they could make their own informed decisions about it.We’re just beginning to understand the ways that the media have affected our culture.Sociologists,psychologists,media ecologists—people in a multitude of fields are trying to explain the relationships among media,values,and behavior.

Is television good or bad for us?Does television cause human behavior,or merely record it?This question is of particular interest to researchers who study the effects of television—especially television violence—on children’s behavior.And now that television is starting to merge with other electronic media,like the Internet,there are a growing number of issues and new questions calling for informed thinking about the relationship of the media to human development.

二、Effect of Electronic Media托福听力中文翻译：

在人类历史的大部分时间里，一个社会的文化主要是通过家庭来定义和交流的。早期文化通过口头传统口口相传的方式向孩子传达他们的价值观和信仰。父母和祖父母的工作是传承文化的历史和传统。家里年纪较大的成员都是讲故事的人和历史学家——我们的“文化叙述者”

文化叙述者因其智慧和经验而受到重视。文化叙述者通过保存重要的文化信息来帮助维持社会。直到二十世纪中叶，家庭一直是文化传播的媒介。

然而，自20世纪50年代以来，文化叙述者的角色已经被电视所取代。我的意思是，家庭故事讲述者已经被电视节目所取代，电视节目告诉我们是谁，我们需要什么，我们应该如何说话，我们应该相信什么。

在六七十年代，随着电视越来越成为北美生活的一部分，一些作家和哲学家开始研究正在发生的事情。马歇尔·麦克卢汉是探索这个问题最有创造力的人之一。

麦克卢汉在他的祖国加拿大和英国学习英国文学，然后在美国的几所大学任教。作为一名在美国任教的加拿大学者，麦克卢汉意识到他不理解他的美国学生。他无法理解他们的兴趣和价值观，也无法理解他们为什么说话、行动和感受。因此，他开始通过研究学生的流行文化来更多地了解他们的价值观：电影、电视节目、音乐、消遣——所有美国年轻人在闲暇时追求的东西。

麦克卢汉确信电子媒体发挥了重要作用，媒体对学生的态度和价值观负有责任。事实上，他超越了对自己学生的直接兴趣，认为媒体推动了西方文化的大部分社会变革。麦克卢汉的思想很快使他成为那个时代的主要文化评论家和媒体理论家。

麦克卢汉的想法引起了全世界的关注。他写了几本关于媒体对人类发展影响的书，包括这本书，《媒体就是信息》，这本书你将在本课程的下一本书中阅读。

《媒介就是信息》是麦克卢汉最具影响力的一本书。尽管它在三十多年前首次出版，但它仍然是通信领域的重要经典。这是一本书，也是一个你会反复阅读的想法，阅读它可能会改变你对我们沟通方式的看法。

为什么这是一本如此重要的书？好吧，你可能听说过“媒介就是信息”这句话，因为它已经进入了我们的词汇表。McLuhan这句话的意思是，人们如何学习媒体比他们学习信息更重要。换句话说，传播信息的方法比信息本身对公众的影响更大。沟通就是文化，文化就是沟通。

麦克卢汉并不认为自己是媒体的批评者，他对决定电视是好是坏不感兴趣。他只是想让人们了解它是如何影响他们的，这样他们就可以自己做出明智的决定。我们才刚刚开始了解媒体对我们文化的影响。社会学家、心理学家、媒体生态学家——许多领域的人都在试图解释媒体、价值观和行为之间的关系。

电视对我们来说是好是坏？电视是引起人类行为，还是仅仅记录下来？研究电视尤其是电视暴力对儿童行为影响的研究人员对这个问题特别感兴趣。现在，电视开始与互联网等其他电子媒体融合，越来越多的问题和新问题需要对媒体与人类发展的关系进行知情思考。

三、Effect of Electronic Media托福听力问题：

Q1:1.According to the professor,how did children acquire their culture throughout most of history?

A.By experiencing life in another country

B.By watching cultural programs on television

C.By going to the museum and the library

D.By listening to parents and grandparents

Q2:2.What does the professor mean by the term“cultural narrator”?

A.The voice that tells a story on a television program

B.The medium that conveys a culture’s values and beliefs

C.A book that is considered a classic in its field

D.A scholar who states theories about popular culture

Q3:3.According to the professor,why did Marshall McLuhan study popular culture?

A.McLuhan wanted to understand the values of his students.

B.McLuhan needed an interesting topic for his dissertation.

C.McLuhan wanted to write stories for a popular magazine.

D.McLuhan enjoyed watching television with his family.

Q4:4.What is the professor’s opinion of The Medium is the Message?

A.It is a good source of information about cultural history.

B.Its ideas are becoming less relevant today than in the past.

C.It was the first book to argue that television was bad for society.

D.It will influence how the students think about communication.

Q5:5.Why does the professor say this:

A.To compare different ways of conveying a message

B.To explain an important theory of communications

C.To show that miscommunication is a serious problem

D.To introduce a controversial topic of conversation

四、Effect of Electronic Media托福听力答案：

A1:正确答案：D

A2:正确答案：C

A3:正确答案：A

A4:正确答案：D

A5:正确答案：B