Changes in Adulthood托福听力原文翻译及问题答案

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Changes in Adulthood托福听力原文翻译及问题答案

一、Changes in Adulthood托福听力原文：

M:We all change over the course of our adulthood.Some changes we go through are biological and are a natural part of aging.Some are cultural experiences,such as the changes related to our family life.A lot of the changes in adulthood involve social relationships and responsibilities.And then,there are some changes that are more internal and personal.Question?

W:Yes.Um,is what you’re talking about—1 mean these changes we experience—are they part of our biological clock?

M:I’m glad you brought up the biological clock.The term“biological clock”refers to the biological and chemical changes that occur with aging,as if a clock were ticking away in the background.Some changes in adults are biological.These changes are often easy to observe,like my hair turning gray.Some biological changes aren’t directly visible,such as the...uh...the reduced efficiency of the neural connections in our brain.But some of the changes we go through have more to do with sociology than biology.There’s also a“social clock”that defines the sequence of normal life experiences,such as...uh...the timing of education,career,marriage,and so on.Virtually all societies are organized into age strata,periods in life with norms for—that is,typical...uh...expectations,demands,social roles and responsibilities.People have different expectations of—and different attitudes toward—20-year-olds,40-year-olds,and 70-year-olds.We generally expect a 20-year-old to act in a certain way,but we expect different behavior from someone who’s 40 or 70.Our attitudes towards each age group form what we consider to be the age norms for that group.

W:Excuse me,Dr.Butler.Wouldn’t these age norms be different in different cultures?I mean,in some cultures someone who’s 40 is considered old,but in other cultures 40 is still kind of young.

M:Various cultures might define“old”and“young”differently,but every culture has a set of attitudes—age norms—for old people and a different set of attitudes for young people.For example,an older adult might be seen as having more—or less—status than a young adult—no matter how the culture defines what age is“old.”

Early adulthood is the period from age 18 to 40.Early adulthood is when more new social roles are acquired than at any other time of life.The first new role is often independent adulthood,as the young person leaves home.Another new role is worker,as the young adult begin a career.Young adults also acquire the role of spouse,as most first marriages occur during early adulthood.A major new role is that of parent.Over 80 percent of adults in North America will eventually become parents,normally in their twenties or thirties.

The second stage of adulthood,middle adulthood,is roughly from age 40 to 65.In middle adulthood,the same social roles are still present—spouse,parent,worker—but they become less demanding and less confining than they were during early adulthood.A few new roles are added,like grandparent,or maybe caregiver to our own aging parents.This is the“sandwich generation,”because people in middle adulthood are sandwiched between the needs of their children and the needs of their aging parents.

Late adulthood begins at age 65.Late adulthood is normally marked by a decline in the number of social roles.The role of worker is shed at retirement.The older adult is still a parent,but that role now has fewer duties.For many people,the role of spouse is given up to widowhood.Yes?

W:So far,you’ve been talking about people who have children.What about people who don’t have children?

M:Adults who don’t have children don’t experience the role changes that accompany a child’s development,yet their experiences do not otherwise differ in any substantial way.They follow the basic pattern of adulthood.By this I mean,they add new roles in early adulthood,change roles in middle adulthood,and shed roles in late adulthood.

二、Changes in Adulthood托福听力中文翻译：

M：我们都会在成年过程中发生变化。我们所经历的一些变化是生理上的，是衰老的自然组成部分。有些是文化经历，比如与我们的家庭生活有关的变化。成年后的许多变化都涉及社会关系和责任。还有一些更为内在和个人的变化。问题

W：是的。嗯，你说的-1是指我们经历的这些变化吗？它们是我们生物钟的一部分吗？

M：我很高兴你提到了生物钟。“生物钟”一词指的是随着年龄的增长而发生的生物和化学变化，就好像一个时钟在背景中滴答作响。成年人的一些变化是生物性的。这些变化通常很容易观察到，就像我的头发变白了一样。有些生物变化是不直接可见的，比如。。。嗯我们大脑中神经连接的效率降低。但我们所经历的一些变化更多地与社会学有关，而不是生物学。还有一个“社交时钟”，它定义了正常生活经历的顺序，比如。。。嗯教育、职业、婚姻等的时间安排。几乎所有的社会都被组织成不同的年龄层，生活中有规范的时期。这是典型的。。。嗯期望、需求、社会角色和责任。人们对20岁、40岁和70岁的人有不同的期望和态度。我们通常期望20岁的人以某种方式行事，但我们期望40岁或70岁的人有不同的行为。我们对每个年龄组的态度形成了我们认为该年龄组的年龄规范。

W：对不起，巴特勒医生。在不同的文化中，这些年龄规范难道不会有所不同吗？我的意思是，在一些文化中，40岁的人被认为是老年人，但在其他文化中，四十岁的人仍然有点年轻。

M：不同的文化对“老年人”和“年轻人”的定义可能不同，但每种文化都有一套态度——老年人的年龄规范和年轻人的不同态度。例如，无论文化如何定义什么年龄是“老年人”，老年人都可能被视为比年轻人有更多或更少的地位

成年早期是指从18岁到40岁的时期。成年早期是指获得比生命中任何其他时期都多的新社会角色。第一个新角色通常是独立的成年期，因为年轻人离开了家。另一个新角色是工人，因为年轻人开始了职业生涯。年轻人也获得了配偶的角色，因为大多数初婚都发生在成年早期。一个重要的新角色是家长。北美80%以上的成年人最终会成为父母，通常在二三十岁左右。

成年的第二阶段，即成年中期，大约是从40岁到65岁。在成年中期，同样的社会角色仍然存在——配偶、父母、工人，但与成年早期相比，他们的要求更低，限制更少。增加了一些新的角色，比如祖父母，或者照顾我们年迈的父母。这就是“三明治一代”，因为成年中期的人被夹在孩子的需求和年迈父母的需求之间。

成年晚期从65岁开始。成年晚期通常以社会角色数量下降为标志。工人的角色在退休时被解除。年长的成年人仍然是父母，但现在这个角色的职责减少了。对许多人来说，配偶的角色被赋予了守寡的角色。对

W：到目前为止，你一直在谈论有孩子的人。那些没有孩子的人呢？

M：没有孩子的成年人不会经历伴随孩子发展而来的角色变化，但他们的经历在其他方面没有任何实质性的差异。他们遵循成年的基本模式。我的意思是，他们在成年早期增加新的角色，在成年中期改变角色，并在成年晚期摆脱角色。

三、Changes in Adulthood托福听力问题：

Q1:1.What aspect of adulthood does the professor mainly discuss?

A.Biological changes related to the aging process

B.Changes in roles and responsibilities during adulthood

C.Differences between childhood and adulthood

D.Cultural differences in attitudes toward older adults

Q2:2.Why does the professor discuss the“biological clock”?

A.To review a term before the next test

B.To compare different types of clocks

C.To amuse students with a personal story

D.To respond to a student’s question

Q3:3.Why does the professor say this:

A.To explain the concept of age norms

B.To show that 20-year-olds have the most fun

C.To describe cultural differences in aging

D.To complain about abnormal behavior

Q4:4.What does the professor imply about age norms?

A.Age norms for a 40-year-old are the same in every culture.

B.An adult’s status may be determined by age norms.

C.It is young adults who define their society’s age norms.

D.Psychologists cannot explain why age norms exist.

Q5:6.What does the professor say about people who do not have children?

A.They tend to become independent adults at a very young age.

B.They follow the same basic stages of adulthood as other people.

C.They do not have any social roles after they retire from work.

D.They do not enjoy life as much as people with children do.

四、Changes in Adulthood托福听力答案：

A1:正确答案：B

A2:正确答案：D

A3:正确答案：A

A4:正确答案：B

A5:正确答案：B