Ocean Biodiversity剑桥雅思11听力-原文翻译及答案解析

一、Ocean Biodiversity 听力原文：

I've been looking at ocean biodiversity, that's the diversity of species that live in the world's oceans.

About 20 years ago biologists developed the idea of what they called 'biodiversity hotspots'.

These are the areas which have the greatest mixture of species, so one example is Madagascar.

These hotspots are significant because they allow us to locate key areas for focusing efforts at conservation.

Biologists can identify hotspots on land, fairly easily, but until recently, very little was known about species distribution and diversity in the oceans, and no one even knew if hotspots existed there.

Then a Canadian biologist called Boris Worm did some research in 2005 on data on ocean species that he got from the fishing industry.

Worm located five hotspots for large ocean predators like sharks, and looked at what they had in common.

The main thing he'd expected to find was that they had very high concentrations of food.

But to his surprise that was only true for four of the hotspots - the remaining hotspot was quite badly off in that regard.

But what he did find was that in all cases, the water at the surface of the ocean had relatively high temperatures, even when it was cool at greater depths, so this seemed to be a factor in supporting a diverse range of these large predators.

However, this wasn't enough on its own,  because he also found that the water needed to have enough oxygen in it - so these two factors seemed necessary to support the high metabolic rate of these large fish.

A couple of years later, in 2007, a researcher called Lisa Ballance, who was working in California, also started looking for ocean hotspots, but not for fish - what she was interested in was marine mammals, things like seals.

And she found three places in the oceans which were hotspots, and what these had in common was that these hotspots were all located at boundaries between ocean currents, and this seems to be the sort of place that has lots of the plankton that some of these species feed on.

So now people who want to protect the species that are endangered need to get as much information as possible.

For example, there's an international project called the Census of Marine Life.

They've been surveying oceans all over the world, including the Arctic.

One thing they found there which stunned other researchers was that there were large numbers of species which live below the ice - sometimes under a layer up to 20 metres thick.

Some of these species had never been seen before.

They've even found species of octopus living in these conditions.

And other scientists working on the same project, but researching very different habitats on the ocean floor, have found large numbers of species congregating around volcanoes, attracted to them by the warmth and nutrients there.

However, biologists still don't know how serious the threat to their survival is for each individual species.

So a body called the Global Marine Species Assessment is now creating a list of endangered species on land, so they consider things like the size of the population - how many members of one species there are in a particular place - and then they look at their distribution in geographical terms, although this is quite difficult when you're looking at fish, because they're so mobile, and then thirdly they calculate the rate at which the decline of the species is happening.

So far only 1,500 species have been assessed, but they want to increase this figure to 20,000.

For each one they assess, they use the data they collect on that species to produce a map showing its distribution.

Ultimately they will be able to use these to figure out not only where most species are located but also where they are most threatened.

So finally, what can be done to retain the diversity of species in the world's oceans?

Firstly, we need to set up more reserves in our oceans, places where marine species are protected.

We have some, but not enough.

In addition, to preserve species such as leatherback turtles, which live out in the high seas but have their nesting sites on the American coast,  we need to create corridors for migration, so they can get from one area to another safely.

As well as this, action needs to be taken to lower the levels of fishing quotas to prevent overfishing of endangered species.

And finally, there's the problem of 'by-catch'.

This refers to the catching of unwanted fish by fishing boats - they're returned to the sea, but they're often dead or dying.

If these commercial fishing boats used equipment which was more selective,  so that only the fish wanted for consumption were caught, this problem could be overcome.

OK.

So does anyone have any ...

二、Ocean Biodiversity 听力中文翻译：

我一直在研究海洋生物多样性，即生活在世界海洋中的物种的多样性。

大约20年前，生物学家提出了他们称之为“生物多样性热点”的想法。

这些地区物种混合最多，马达加斯加就是一个例子。

这些热点非常重要，因为它们使我们能够找到重点保护的关键区域。

生物学家可以很容易地确定陆地上的热点，但直到最近，人们对海洋中的物种分布和多样性知之甚少，甚至没有人知道那里是否存在热点。

2005年，一位名叫鲍里斯·沃姆的加拿大生物学家对他从渔业中获得的海洋物种数据进行了一些研究。

沃姆为鲨鱼等大型海洋食肉动物找到了五个热点，并研究了它们的共同点。

他希望发现的主要问题是，他们的食物浓度非常高。

但令他惊讶的是，只有四个热点是这样的——剩下的热点在这方面非常糟糕。

但他确实发现，在所有情况下，海洋表面的水温都相对较高，即使在更深的地方温度较低，因此这似乎是支持这些大型食肉动物多样性的一个因素。

然而，这本身还不够，因为他还发现水中需要有足够的氧气，所以这两个因素似乎是支持这些大鱼高代谢率所必需的。

几年后，也就是2007年，一位在加利福尼亚州工作的名叫丽莎·巴伦斯的研究人员也开始寻找海洋热点，但不是鱼类——她感兴趣的是海洋哺乳动物，比如海豹。

她在海洋中发现了三个热点，这些热点的共同点是，这些热点都位于洋流之间的边界，这似乎是一个有很多浮游生物的地方，其中一些物种以浮游生物为食。

因此，现在想要保护濒危物种的人们需要获得尽可能多的信息。

例如，有一个叫做海洋生物普查的国际项目。

他们一直在调查世界各地的海洋，包括北极。

他们在那里发现的一件事让其他研究人员感到震惊，那就是有大量物种生活在冰下，有时生活在20米厚的冰层下。

其中一些物种以前从未见过。

他们甚至发现了生活在这种环境中的章鱼物种。

和其他从事同一项目但研究海底不同栖息地的科学家一样，他们发现大量物种聚集在火山周围，被那里的温暖和营养所吸引。

然而，生物学家仍然不知道每个物种的生存威胁有多严重。

因此，一个名为“全球海洋物种评估”的机构现在正在创建一份陆地上濒危物种的名单，所以他们会考虑人口的大小——一个物种在某个特定的地方有多少成员——然后他们会从地理角度看它们的分布，尽管当你看鱼的时候，这是很困难的，因为它们是如此的流动，然后第三，他们计算物种衰退的速度。

到目前为止，只评估了1500种物种，但他们希望将这一数字增加到20000种。

对于他们评估的每一个物种，他们使用收集到的该物种的数据制作一张地图，显示其分布。

最终，他们将能够利用这些信息不仅找出大多数物种的位置，而且找出它们最受威胁的位置。

那么最后，我们可以做些什么来保持世界海洋物种的多样性呢？

首先，我们需要在我们的海洋中建立更多的保护区，这些地方是海洋物种受到保护的地方。

我们有一些，但还不够。

此外，为了保护像棱皮龟这样的物种，它们生活在公海，但在美国海岸有筑巢地，我们需要建立迁徙通道，以便它们能够安全地从一个地区迁徙到另一个地区。

除此之外，还需要采取行动降低捕捞配额水平，以防止过度捕捞濒危物种。

最后，还有“副渔获物”的问题。

这指的是渔船捕获不想要的鱼——它们被送回大海，但它们经常死亡或垂死。

如果这些商业渔船使用更具选择性的设备，以便只捕获需要消费的鱼，那么这个问题就可以克服。

好啊

那么有没有人。

三、Ocean Biodiversity 听力问题：

Question 31-40

Complete the notes below.

Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.Ocean Biodiversity

Biodiversity hotspots

· areas containing many different species

· important for locating targets for

· at first only identified on land

Boris Worm, 2005

· identified hotspots for large ocean predators, e.g. sharks

· found that ocean hotspots:

- were not always rich in

- had higher temperatures at the

- had sufficient　　in the water

Lisa Ballance, 2007

· looked for hotspots for marine

· found these were all located where ocean currents meet

Census of Marine Life

· found new ocean species living:

- under the

- near volcanoes on the ocean floor

Global Marine Species Assessment

· want to list endangered ocean species, considering:

- population size

- geographical distribution

- rate of

· Aim: to assess 20,000 species and make a distribution　　for each one

Recommendations to retain ocean biodiversity

· increase the number of ocean reserves

· establish　　corridors (e.g. for turtles)

· reduce fishing quotas

· catch fish only for the purpose of

四、Ocean Biodiversity 听力答案：

31.conservation

32.food / foods

33.surface

34.oxygen / O2

35.mammals

36.ice

37.decline / declining / decrease

38.map

39.migration

40.consumption

五、Ocean Biodiversity 听力答案解析

31.conservation。读题时考生可以找到different species为定位词，看到题目呈现的locating targets for ___ ，即可预测空格需要填写的信息为“注意的目标是什么”。当听到mixture of species时判断答案将要出现，之后allow us to locate key areas for focusing efforts at conservation中的focusing efforts对应的是题干中的targets，因此名词conservation是答案。

32.food。读题时考生可以找到ocean hotspots为定位词，看到题目呈现的not always rich in ___，即可预测空格需要填写的信息为“……不是很多’。当听到hotspots时判断答案将要出现，之后he’d expected ...but to his surprise that was only true for four of the hotspots中only true for four of the hotspots表示只有4个，是“很少”的含义，因此之前出现的名词food就是答案。

33.surface。考生看到题目呈现的higher temperatures at the ___，即可预测空格需要填写的信息为“……的温度很高”。录音中可以听到water at the surface of the ocean had relatively high temperatures，答案即是temperature。

34.oxygen。考生看到题目呈现的had sufficient ___，即可预测空格需要填写的信息为“有充足的……”。录音中可以听到the water needed to have enough oxygen in it，其中enough是sufficient的替换词，答案即是oxygen。

35.mammals。读题时考生可以找到Lisa Ballance, 2007为定位词，看到题目呈现的marine  ___，即可预测空格需要填写的信息为“海洋的……”。在录音中听到定位词后判断答案将要出现，之后听到what she was interested in was marine mammals。marine mammal意为“海洋哺乳动物”。

36.ice。读题时考生可以找到Marine Life为定位词，看到题目呈现的under the ____，即可预测空格需要填写的信息为“在……下方”。在录音中听到定位词后判断答案将要出现，之后听到large number of species which live below the ice，其中below为under的替换词。所以ice即是答案。

37.decline。读题时考生可以找到geographical distribution为定位词，看到题目呈现的rate of ____，即可预测空格需要填写的信息为“……的比率”。当听到distribution in geographical terms时判断答案将要出现，之后听到they calculate the rate at which the decline of the species is happening，即可判断答案是decline。

38.map。读题时考生可以找到20,000为定位词，看到题目呈现的distribution ____，即可预测空格需要填写的信息为“分配……”。在录音中听到定位词后判断答案将要出现，之后听到to produce a map showing its distribution. 即可判断答案是map。distribution在录音和题目中原词复现。

39.migration。读题时考生可以找到ocean reserves为定位词，看到题目呈现的establish ___ corridors，即可预测空格需要填写的信息为“建立……通道”。在录音中听到more reserves in our oceans后判断答案将要出现，之后听到to create corridors for migration，即可判断答案为migration。录音中的create对应题目中的establish；corridors在录音和题目中原词复现。

40.consumption。读题时考生可以找到fishing quotas为定位词，看到题目呈现的purpose for ____，即可预测空格需要填写的信息为“用作……目的”。在录音中听到定位词后判断答案将要出现，之后听到so that only the fishing wanted for consumption were caught，其中的wanted for即可表达“用作……目的”，对应题目中的for the purpose of，答案即是consumption。