Individual Differences剑桥雅思7听力-原文翻译及答案解析

一、Individual Differences 听力原文：

TUTOR:Well，you’ve both been looking at different styles of managing individuals in companies and the workplace.

How's the research going, Philip?

PHILIP:Well, I’ve been looking at why individualism, I mean individual differences, are such an important area of management studies.

When you think about any organization, be it a family business or a multinational company, they are all fundamentally a group of people working together.

But it's what these individuals contribute to their places of work that makes you realize how important they are.

Of course they bring different ideas, but it’s also their attitudes and their experiences of learning.

Diversity is important in these areas too.

TUTOR:So why do people behave so differently from one another at work?

PHILIP:There are lots of reasons but research has shown a lot of it comes down to personality.

And the other factor is gender.

It's a well known fact that men and women do lots of things in different ways, and the workplace is no different.

TUTOR:Did you look at the effects of this variation on companies.

PHILIP:Yes, I did.

On the positive side, exposure to such diversity helps encourage creativity which is generally an asset to a company.

But unfortunately individual differences are also the root of conflict between staff and they can lead to difficulties for management, which can sometimes be serious.

TUTOR:Thanks, Philip.

So now I guess the two main things to remember here are to identify individual talent and then to utilize it.

So Janice, you were looking at identifying different talents in workers.

Do you think this is easy for managers to do?

JANICE:Well, currently teamwork is in fashion in the workplace and in my opinion the importance of the individual is generally neglected.

What managers should be targeting is those employees who can take the lead in a situation and are not afraid to accept the idea of responsibility.

TUTOR:That's true Janice but unfortunately many managers think the entire notion of encouraging individuality amongst their staff is far too hard.

JANICE:Yes, that may be true but I think one of the most important tasks of managers is to consider the needs of the individual on one hand and group co-operation and conformity on the other.

It requires creative thinking on the part of management to avoid tension.

TUTOR:So Janice, what kind of people do you think companies should be looking for?

JANICE:Well, it has to start from the very beginning when companies are looking for new employees.

When the personnel department is choosing between applicants they need to look for someone who's broken the mould and can think for themselves.

Instead, people making these decisions often use a range of psychological tests to see if a person is a problem solver, or will do as they're told.

I'm not convinced these qualities are actually the most important.

TUTOR:So do you think being a good team player is overrated?

JANICE:No, it's not overrated.

You do need to learn the rules and learn them fast.

No individual can get around this if you're working in an organization.

TUTOR:So how should managers deal with this?

JANICE:Rewards.

When an individual demonstrates the behaviour the organisation expects, some kind of incentive can be given.

What’s important here is that this happens right at the beginning so new recruits learn the rules of the system immediately.

Also the incentive should be something the individual actually wants, and this isn't always just money.

TUTOR:To come back to you, Philip.

You were saying that recognition of good performers is essential.

What else should managers be looking for?

PHILIP:Well, managing people means you not only have an understanding of your employees, but you also recognise the culture of the organization.

In fact, for some organizations creativity and individuality may be the last thing they want to see during working hours!

TUTOR:Very true.

PHILIP:Yes, but managing people isn't as easy as it looks.

For example, change in the workplace can be quite tricky, especially if there's a need to increase profit.

And at times like these managers may have to give priority to profit rather than individual staff needs.

TUTOR:Yes, and that creates difficult situations for people.

PHILIP:Yes but what's important is that managers are able to deal with quite high levels of personal stress.

During times of change they should be thinking not only about the strain on their staff but take time out to think of themselves.

TUTOR:Absolutely.

So what are the implications of that for...

二、Individual Differences 听力中文翻译：

导师：嗯，你们都在研究公司和工作场所管理个人的不同风格。

菲利普，研究进展如何？

菲利普：我一直在研究为什么个人主义，我指的是个人差异，是管理学研究的一个重要领域。

当你想到任何组织，无论是家族企业还是跨国公司，它们基本上都是一群人在一起工作。

但正是这些人对工作场所的贡献让你意识到他们的重要性。

当然，他们带来了不同的想法，但这也是他们的态度和学习经验。

多样性在这些领域也很重要。

导师：那么，为什么人们在工作中表现得如此不同呢？

菲利普：原因有很多，但研究表明，其中很大一部分与个性有关。

另一个因素是性别。

众所周知，男人和女人以不同的方式做很多事情，工作场所也不例外。

导师：你有没有看到这种变化对公司的影响。

菲利普：是的。

从积极的方面来看，接触这种多样性有助于鼓励创造力，而创造力通常是公司的资产。

但不幸的是，个人差异也是员工之间冲突的根源，它们可能会给管理带来困难，有时甚至会很严重。

导师：谢谢，菲利普。

所以现在我想这里要记住的两件事是识别个人才能，然后利用它。

Janice，你在寻找不同的员工才能。

你认为这对管理者来说容易吗？

贾妮斯：嗯，目前团队合作在工作场所很流行，在我看来，个人的重要性通常被忽视了。

管理者应该针对的是那些能够在某种情况下发挥领导作用，并且不怕承担责任的员工。

导师：这是真的，贾妮斯，但不幸的是，许多经理认为，鼓励员工个性的整个概念太难了。

贾妮斯：是的，这可能是真的，但我认为管理者最重要的任务之一是一方面考虑个人的需求，另一方面考虑团队的合作和一致性。

这需要管理层的创造性思维来避免紧张。

导师：那么Janice，你认为公司应该寻找什么样的人？

贾妮斯：嗯，当公司寻找新员工时，必须从一开始就开始。

当人事部门在应聘者之间进行选择时，他们需要寻找一个打破传统、能够独立思考的人。

相反，做出这些决定的人通常会使用一系列心理测试来判断一个人是否是一个问题解决者，或者是否会按照要求去做。

我不相信这些品质实际上是最重要的。

导师：那么你认为做一个好的团队成员被高估了吗？

贾妮斯：不，这没有被高估。

你确实需要学习规则并快速学习。

如果你在一家公司工作，任何人都无法回避这一点。

导师：那么管理者应该如何处理这个问题呢？

贾妮斯：奖励。

当个人表现出组织期望的行为时，可以给予某种激励。

这里重要的是，这种情况一开始就发生了，所以新员工可以立即学习系统的规则。

此外，激励应该是个人真正想要的东西，而这并不总是仅仅是金钱。

导师：回到你身边，菲利普。

你刚才说，对优秀员工的认可是至关重要的。

管理者还应该寻找什么？

菲利普：嗯，管理人员意味着你不仅要了解员工，还要认识组织的文化。

事实上，对于一些组织来说，创造力和个性可能是他们在工作时间最不想看到的东西！

导师：非常正确。

菲利普：是的，但管理人员并不像看上去那么容易。

例如，工作场所的变化可能相当棘手，尤其是在需要增加利润的情况下。

在这种情况下，经理们可能不得不优先考虑利润，而不是员工个人的需求。

导师：是的，这会给人们带来困难。

菲利普：是的，但重要的是，经理们能够应对相当高水平的个人压力。

在变革时期，他们不仅应该考虑员工的压力，还应该抽出时间考虑自己。

导师：当然。

那么这对……有什么影响呢。

三、Individual Differences 听力问题：

Question 21-23

Complete the notes below.

Write ONLY ONE WORD for each answer.DIFFERENCES BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS IN THE WORKPLACE

Individuals bring different:

? ideas

?

?　learning experiences

Work behaviour differences are due to:

?　personality

?

Effects of diversity on companies:

Advantage: diversity develops

Disadvantage: diversity can cause conflict

Question 24-27

Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.

24.Janice thinks that employers should encourage workers who are

A. potential leaders.

B. open to new ideas.

C. good at teamwork.

25.Janice suggests that managers may find it difficult to

A. form successful groups

B. balance conflicting needs.

C. deal with uncooperative workers.

26.Janice believes employers should look for job applicants who

A. can think independently.

B. will obey the system.

C. can solve problems.

27.Janice believes managers should

A. demonstrate good behaviour.

B. encourage co-operation early on.

C. increase financial incentives.

Question 28-30

Complete the sentences below.

Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.28　　 All managers need to understand their employees and recognise their company's .

29　　 When managing change, increasing the company’s 　may be more important than employee satisfaction.

30　　 During periods of change, managers may have to cope with increased amounts of .

四、Individual Differences 听力答案：

21.attitude / attitudes

22.gender / sex

23.creativity / creativeness

24.A

25.B

26.A

27.B

28.culture

29.profit / profits

30.stress / strain

五、Individual Differences 听力答案解析

21. attitude(s)　从试卷已给出的信息分析，此处要填写的信息是和 ideas 及 learning experience 并列的信息。根据录音中 Philip 说的 ...they bring different ideas, but it’s also their attitudes and their experiences of learning. 可知，attitudes 和另外两点之间用 also，and 连接，故答案确定为 attitude (s)。

22. gender / sex　从试卷已给出的信息分析，此处要填写的信息是和 personality 并列的信息。根据录音中 Philip 说的 ...research has shown a lot of it comes down to personality. And the other factor is gender. 可确定第 22 题答案为 gender，填同义词 sex 亦可。

23. creativity / creativeness　从试卷已给出的信息分析，此处要填写的信息是名词，是公司多样化的优势。当录音中 Philip 介绍 On the positive side 时，考生应意识到此信息对应试卷上的 advantage, 第 23 题的答案即将出现。接着 Philip 说 ...exposure to such diversity helps encourage creativity...，对应卷面信息，确定答案为 creativity。

24. A　从试卷题干已给出的信息分析，此处要具体锁定的信息是 Janice 认为什么样的员工应该得到鼓励。录音中 Janice 说 What managers should be targeting is those employees who can take the lead in a situation...，对应选项，答案为 A。

25. B　从试卷题干已给出的信息分析，此处要具体锁定的答案是 Janice 认为什么事情管理者可能会觉得困难。录音中 Janice 说 ...to consider the needs of the individual on one hand and group co-operation and conformity on the other.，对应选项，答案为 B。

26. A　从试卷题干已给出的信息分析，此处要具体锁定的答案是 Janice 认为雇主应该寻找什么样的应聘者。录音中 Janice 说 ...they need to look for someone who’s broken the mould and can think for themselves.，对应选项，答案为 A。

27. B　从试卷题干已给出的信息分析，此处要具体锁定的答案是 Janice 认为管理者应该做什么。 录音中 Janice 说 ...some kind of incentive can be given...this happens right at the beginning so new recruits learn the rules...，对应选项，答案为 B。

28. culture　从试卷题干已给出的信息分析，此处要具体锁定的答案为名词。录音中 Philip 说 ...managing people means you not only have an understanding of your employees, but you also recognise the culture of the organization.，对应卷面已给信息，确定答案为 culture。

29. profit|profits　从试卷题干已给出的信息分析，此处要具体锁定的答案为名词。录音中 Philip 说 ...these managers may have to give priority to profit rather than individual staff needs.，对应卷面已给信息，确定答案为 profit|profits。

30. stress / strain　从试卷题干已给出的信息分析，此处要具体锁定的答案为不可数名词。录音中 Philip 说 ...managers are able to deal with quite high levels of personal stress...they should be thinking not only about the strain on their staff but take time out to think of themselves.，对应卷面已给信息，确定答案为 stress / strain。